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German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
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, as well as morphological changes like the villus vascular remodeling, while receiving an adapted niche in this holobiont system ( Hooper et al. 2002 , Stappenbeck et al. 2002 , Bäckhed et al. 2005 a , Schroeder & Bäckhed 2016 , Koh & Bäckhed
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Microbiota composition is known to be linked to sex. However, separating sex hormones and sex chromosome roles in gut microbial diversity is yet to be determined. To investigate the sex chromosome role independent of sex hormones, we used the four-core genotype mouse model. In this mouse model, males with testes and females with ovaries have XX or XY sex chromosome complement. In gonadectomized four-core genotype mice, we observed a significant decrease in the levels of estradiol (P < 0.001) and progesterone (P < 0.03) in female and testosterone (P < 0.0001) in male mice plasma samples. Independent of sex chromosome complement, microbial α diversity was increased in gonadectomized female but not male mice compared to sex-matched gonad-intact controls. β diversity analysis showed separation between male (P < 0.05) but not female XX and XY mice. Importantly, Akkermansiamuciniphila was less abundant in gonadectomized compared to gonadal intact female mice (P < 0.0001). In the presence of β-estradiol, A.muciniphila growth exponentially increased, providing evidence for the identification of a female sex hormone-responsive bacterium (P < 0.001).
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hypertrophy, fibrosis, vascular dysfunction, and hypertension in both an angiotensin II-infused model and in apolipoprotein E knockout-deficient mice ( Bartolomaeus et al. 2019 ). In humans, total plasma SCFAs and propionate alone were independent predictors
Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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dampen inflammation. Similarly, during Kawasaki Disease (KD), an acute febrile inflammatory disease affecting the vascular system thought to be related to cytokine release, there was acute loss of Lactobacillus associated with the disease ( Takeshita
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and flowers into stem vascular bundles was validated, as was plant-to-plant transfer by honeybee pollinators; the bacteria also successfully colonised the honeybee gut. Subsequently, using leaf spraying experiments, it was demonstrated that SP6C4 can
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tissue including mesenchymal, immune, neuronal, and vascular cells. The epithelial and stromal components of the ISC niche serve as a well-known, major source of signals that modulate ISC proliferation and differentiation ( Santos et al. 2018
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lesions, vascular damage, immune system dysfunction, birth defects, cancer, and gastrointestinal (GI) and kidney dysfunction. Additionally, exposure to multiple metals may exert cumulative adverse effects on overall health. The effects of metals on
