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German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
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extrinsic nutritional factor that was demonstrated to increase mucosal thickness and villus length in the small intestine ( Todorov et al. 2020 ). In contrast, epithelial-to-mesenchymal signaling by endogenous intrinsically synthetized morphogens, such as
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composition in the small intestine ( Human Microbiome Project 2012 ), and a recent focus on the functionality of these organisms has resulted in the discovery that the microbiome and ISCs have an intimate relationship ( Peck et al. 2017 ). This review will
Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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blood, serves as a primary site of pathogen clearance from the blood. d -lactate, a metabolite produced by commensal bacteria within the intestines able to be used systemically, promotes Kupffer cells – a subset of macrophages located in the vascular
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risk of diseases such as Crohn's disease in humans ( Cray et al. 2021 ). M cells are specialized epithelial cells found in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of Peyer’s patches of the small intestine, isolated lymphoid follicles, colonic
The Gut Microbiome Center (CCM), Zagreb, Croatia
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School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Applied Health Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia
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probiotic administration in bone fracture treatment. Given that research in this area is in its infancy, only a small number of scientific articles are available, and in addition, because these are rather heterogeneous studies with specificities in
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fatty acids directly impact central nervous system autoimmunity via the small intestine . Immunity 43 817 – 829 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2015.09.007 ) Haro C Rangel-Zuniga OA Alcala-Diaz JF , 2016 Intestinal microbiota is influenced
Department of Animal Care Science, Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, USA
Department of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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observed small shifts in Firmicutes and increased dispersion in the community suggesting the beginning of changes to the community, the communities overall did not significantly change until 48 h post defecation. Our findings indicate microbial community
