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approach was systematic, the analysis employed a narrative synthesis due to heterogeneity of the studies, and different measurement scales. This review consists of studies which evaluated human subjects, including both neonates and young children
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The human milk microbiota Human infants are born with relatively immature central nervous, immune, and intestinal systems and as such require a high parental care input ( Piantadosi & Kidd 2016 ). Lactation evolved as a fundamental adaptation
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, Greicius & Virshup 2019 ). Recently, the human microbiome has emerged as another source of factors that regulate the function of ISCs. The advent of the Human Microbiome Project resulted in a wealth of information regarding the putative microbial
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end organ damage versus salt-resistant hypertension ( Bigazzi et al. 1994 , Weinberger et al. 2001 ). While it is known that pathogenesis of essential and salt-sensitive hypertension is multifactorial, compelling data in both humans and
Healthy Landscapes Research Group, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania, Australia
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Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Future in Nature Pty Ltd, Australia
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Healthy Landscapes Research Group, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania, Australia
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is complex, comprising many different kinds of landscapes – both built and natural ( Alizadeh & Hitchmough 2019 ). There is a need for city designs that are beneficial for the health of city dwellers, non-human animals included. However, at present
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risk of diseases such as Crohn's disease in humans ( Cray et al. 2021 ). M cells are specialized epithelial cells found in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of Peyer’s patches of the small intestine, isolated lymphoid follicles, colonic
The Gut Microbiome Center (CCM), Zagreb, Croatia
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School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Applied Health Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia
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safety profile and high tolerability of probiotics ( Sanders et al. 2010 ), probiotic research and application has extended into different aspects of human health, such as bone health ( Malmir et al. 2021 ). A potential beneficiary effect of
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In centuries prior to the modern age, human mortality was largely attributed to a variety of infectious diseases. As such, research was heavily focused on discovering antimicrobial agents, which lead to the discovery of antibiotics. Fast forward
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. 2016 ). In this scenario, humans fall in a gray area. Indeed, in man as well as many nonhuman animals, oxalate is an end product of glyoxylate metabolism ( Ermer et al. 2023 ), since the enzymatic repertoire lacks oxalate-degrading enzymes and its
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, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Klebsiella, Clostridium, and Enterobacter that may originate from the mother’s skin and hospital environments ( Shao et al. 2019 , Chong et al. 2022 ). Breast milk contains human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which are not