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German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
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organisms, especially the axenic (germ-free, GF) model, is irreplaceable. The gnotobiotic model is defined as an organism that is associated with none or only specific strains of microorganisms ( Dremova et al. 2023 ). To achieve a complete GF state, these
Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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et al. 2023 ). Yet, germ-free mice had a reduced body temperature change compared to conventional mice, suggesting the temperature response during sepsis may be, in part, a result of the presence of the microbiota. These conflicting results indicate
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dependent on host genetics. The importance of the host in dictating the gut microbiota signature was further emphasized by Wang et al. , where inoculation of the same human male donor stool into either male or female germ-free mice resulted in differential
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factors that can modulate ISC biology. Indirect evidence for microbial regulation of ISCs originated from observations by Gordon and Bruckner-Kardoss in 1961 that germ-free mice showed reduced intestinal surface area compared to that of conventionally
The Gut Microbiome Center (CCM), Zagreb, Croatia
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School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Applied Health Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia
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microbiome models, including germ-free, antibiotic-treated, or monocolonized mice. They found discrepancies in the results, possibly because of different experimental conditions such as mouse strain used, type of feeding, microbial reconstitution, and
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postpartum birth ( Palmer et al. 2007 , Dominguez-Bello et al. 2010 , Ursell et al. 2012 ). Germ-free (GF) mice exhibit significant deficiency in gut barrier function, suggesting the critical role of microbiota in development of gut barrier components
Healthy Landscapes Research Group, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania, Australia
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Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Future in Nature Pty Ltd, Australia
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Healthy Landscapes Research Group, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania, Australia
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a free-living resident passerine bird tree sparrow Passer montanus . Environmental Pollution 316 120547 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120547 ) Donselaar JL Atma JL Kruyf ZA , et al. 2018 Urbanization alters fear behavior in
